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- diabetes, anaemia, an underactive thyroid, and vitamin deficiencies
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Diabetes (1 Biomarker)
Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic condition that affects people of all ages more frequently. In the UK, up to one-third of persons are at risk of developing diabetes due to prediabetes.
It is brought about by the interaction of our genes and our way of life. Being overweight, eating poorly, and not exercising all increase the risk of having diabetes. Early detection of diabetes is crucial because, even if your blood sugar has risen and you are at the prediabetic stage, you can still lower it by changing your lifestyle.
Once you have been diagnosed with diabetes, it is crucial to carefully control your blood glucose levels in order to prevent many of the serious complications that can harm your nerves, blood vessels, kidneys, and eyes.
Diabetes is a key contributor to shortened life expectancy and is a known risk factor for cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other illnesses.
HbA1c
Glycated haemoglobin, commonly known as haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), is a longer-term indicator of blood glucose levels than a straightforward blood glucose test.
Your red blood cells' ability to attach glucose to haemoglobin plus the fact that these cells have an average lifespan of 12 to 16 weeks give us a decent idea of the typical quantity of sugar in your blood over the course of three months.
Inflammation (1 Biomarker)
When your immune system is triggered to purge your body of external invaders or irritants and to guard against tissue damage, inflammation results.
Inflammation frequently manifests as heat, redness, swelling, and discomfort. An acute or persistent inflammation might exist. Infection or injury are common causes of acute inflammation, which appears for a few days before going away.
Long-term diseases including arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, or asthma can lead to chronic inflammation. Certain proteins that are elevated in the blood as a result of inflammation can be tested to determine the level of inflammation and, in some cases, its underlying cause.
CRP-HS
The C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is a marker of inflammation that is used to determine whether there is inflammation in the body but not where it is situated.
A test known as High Sensitivity CRP (CRP-hs) is used to find low-level inflammation that may harm blood vessels and cause a heart attack or stroke. There is a great deal of inflammation at the site of a significant injury.
The swelling around a twisted ankle is easy to picture. Your CRP-hs will increase with any damage of this nature.
But frequent exercisers also run the danger of developing chronic low-level inflammation, which can harm their performance. We draw this picture using CRP-hs, CK, and your complete blood count (see the articles on the liver and complete blood count).
When you are rested for the test, inflammatory markers like CRP-hs provide the most insight; otherwise, they may be increased from recent exercise.
Vitamins (3 Biomarker)
Your body requires vitamins as necessary nutrients to function properly. They must come from the food you consume because you cannot manufacture them yourself.
There are two categories of vitamins: fat-soluble and water-soluble. Oily foods, whether animal- or plant-based, contain fat-soluble vitamins like vitamins A, D, E, and K.
You don't need to eat them every day because your body stores them in fatty tissue and the liver.You must consume meals containing these nutrients more regularly because the majority of water-based vitamins, such as vitamin C, are not stored in the body. A balanced diet should provide you with all the vitamins you require.
But occasionally, dietary decisions or medical issues can make us vitamin deficient.
Vitamin D
Together with calcium, vitamin D is essential for bone maintenance. It is crucial for both protein synthesis and muscle function.
Other non-musculoskeletal advantages, such as immunological regulation, defence against chronic diseases, and improved sports performance, have also been emphasised by more recent study.
Maintaining adequate amounts of vitamin D is crucial for athletes. When your skin is exposed to sunshine, it can produce vitamin D. This is challenging in the UK, especially during the winter.
Even if they exercise outside, people in the UK frequently have low vitamin D levels.
Vitamin B12 -Active
The generation of red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout the body, depends on vitamin B12. Additionally essential for metabolism and the nervous system, vitamin B12 deficiency can harm nerves over time.
Although plant milks are increasingly frequently enriched with vitamin B12, vitamin B12 is still nearly exclusively found in meals derived from animals.
Folate - Serum
A coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acids is folate, a B vitamin. Additionally, it is necessary for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, which are necessary for the production of red blood cells and DNA.
Make sure your folate levels are normal if you're thinking about getting pregnant because folate is also crucial during the first trimester of pregnancy. This vitamin helps athletes perform better by controlling energy metabolism by modifying the production and breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and other bioactive molecules.
It also works in conjunction with other B vitamins, such as vitamin B12.
Red Blood Cells (7 Biomarkers)
The most prevalent form of blood cell, the red blood cell, is responsible for transporting oxygen to your tissues through your circulatory system.
Your bone marrow continuously produces red blood cells to replace those that are lost as a result of bleeding or cell ageing. Your red cell count should remain consistent, but some health issues can result in abnormally few or excessively numerous red cells, abnormally fast cell death, or abnormally shaped red cells.
The amount of oxygen given to your tissues is affected if you are not creating enough red blood cells, which causes anaemia and its accompanying symptoms of weariness and pale skin.
Headaches, blurred vision, and an enlarged spleen can all be symptoms of excessive red blood cell production.
Haematocrit
The haematocrit (HCT) scale measures how much space (volume) red blood cells occupy inside the blood.
Haemoglobin
Red blood cells contain the protein haemoglobin, which is responsible for the red colour of the blood and for carrying oxygen throughout the body.
This test gauges the blood's capacity to transport oxygen throughout the body by counting the amount of haemoglobin present.
Because they need to make sure that their muscles are getting enough oxygen, athletes and sports persons typically have higher oxygen demands than the normal person.
In endurance and strength athletes, it is typical to detect haemoglobin levels at the higher end of the normal range.
MCH
The average quantity of haemoglobin found in one of your red blood cells is measured by MCH (mean corpuscular haemoglobin).
MCHC
The average amount of haemoglobin in your red blood cells is called the MCHC (mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration).
Red blood cells use the chemical haemoglobin to carry oxygen throughout the body.
MCV
Your red blood cells' average size can be determined by your MCV (mean corpuscular volume).
This is crucial to evaluate because it can show how much oxygen your cells are probably transferring throughout the body.
RDW
The red blood cell distribution width (RDW) reveals whether the sizes and shapes of your red blood cells are uniform across the board or vary.
Your red blood cells may grow in atypical sizes due to several blood disorders because, in general, cells are pretty uniform in size and shape.
The size difference between the largest and the smallest red blood cell is determined by this test.
Red Cell Count
Analyzing the quantity of red blood cells in the blood is known as red blood cell (RBC) counting.
Oxygen is transported by red blood cells from the lungs to the rest of the body, where it can be used as a source of energy for activities like breathing and moving about. Additionally, they transport the carbon dioxide that cells make back to the lungs for exhalation.
Clotting Status (2 Biomarkers)
Your bone marrow produces your clotting cells (platelets), which are crucial for regulating bleeding.
Thrombocytopenia is a condition that occurs when too few or too quickly damaged platelets are created. Immune problems, certain medications, liver illness, or continuous bleeding are all potential causes of this.
Thrombocytosis, often known as a high platelet count, can result from a number of illnesses, including problems with the bone marrow, infection, and inflammation.
MPV
Mean Platelet Volume, or MPV, is a measurement of your platelets' typical size.
Blood cells that have been broken up into pieces are called platelets, and they help clots form. The creation of platelets in your bone marrow is indicated by MPV.
Platelet Count
The smallest form of blood cell, called platelets or clotting cells, are crucial for blood coagulation.
The platelets enlarge, cluster, and eventually form a sticky plug (a clot) that aids in stopping bleeding when it occurs.
White Blood Cells (6 Biomarkers)
The foundation of your body's immunological or defence system is made up of white blood cells. They combat illnesses and shield your body from external substances like dangerous bacteria and germs.
White blood cells are created from bone marrow stem cells and have a short lifespan of a few days. The body is protected by five main types of white blood cells, each of which has a unique function.
Your immune system and recent infections can both be diagnosed using the numbers of each of these categories of white blood cells.
White Cell Count
The White Blood Cell (WBC) Count calculates how many white blood cells are present in the blood. White blood cells are essential to the immune system of your body.
They combat illnesses and defend your body from invaders like dangerous bacteria and germs. To shield you from repeated infections with the same germ, they also develop a large number of antibodies and memory cells.
Basophils
White blood cells called basophils guard your body against bacteria and parasites like ticks. They additionally contribute to allergic responses.
Eosinophils
White blood cells called eosinophils are in charge of eliminating parasite infections and controlling inflammation to identify an infected spot. They also have an impact on asthma and allergies.
Lymphocytes
White blood cells called lymphocytes defend the body against viral and bacterial illnesses.
They are a subgroup of white blood cells that play a role in the body's more focused response to infections, which is able to recognise and classify various foreign organisms that enter the body. They create antibodies and memory cells to aid in preventing further infections from the same germ in addition to combating infection.
T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells are examples of lymphocytes.
Monocytes
White blood cells called monocytes engulf and eliminate pathogens as well as dead or damaged cells from our blood.
These cells' activity contribute to the heat and swell of inflammation.
Neutrophils
White blood cells known as neutrophils are in charge of assisting your body in the fight against illness. If your neutrophil count is low, you may be more susceptible to disease and infection.
Iron Status (4 Biomarkers)
Iron
Iron is essential for the activities that are essential for life, let alone athletic performance, such as oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation. Red blood cells include oxygen-transporting haemoglobin, which contains roughly 2.1g, or about half of the body's total iron content.
A further gramme or so can be found in the oxygen-transporting myoglobin of muscles and in macrophages, which are white blood cells.
The liver is where extra iron is kept. You won't be able to breathe as efficiently at the cellular level if you have low iron levels, which will make you feel more exhausted and tyre more quickly.
This will affect athletes' performance, VO2 Max, energy efficiency, ability to train at their maximum capacity every day, maximum lactate level, and rate of exhaustion. Approximately 5% of your iron comes from food, and the remaining 95% comes from the breakdown and turnover of your red blood cells.
The two primary forms of iron in your diet are Fe2+, which is present in meat and dairy products, and Fe3+, which is more difficult to absorb and is present in plant-based foods.
Tests for iron status examine a variety of iron levels, which when combined can provide information about your iron metabolism and its implications for you.
TIBC
The total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) of your body is a gauge of how well it transports iron through the blood.
Transferrin Saturation
The primary blood protein that binds to iron and carries it throughout the body is called transferrin, which is produced in the liver. This examination gauges the degree to which iron has "saturated" this protein.
Ferritin
A complex globular protein called ferritin is used to store iron in an inactive form. The ferritin releases its iron for usage as your iron reserves get depleted.
You will run out of iron if your ferritin levels drop, and your ability to make red blood cells in your bone marrow will also suffer.
Thus, ferritin provides a reliable indication of your iron reserves. Ferritin can rise at times of infection, inflammation, or trauma because it is an acute phase protein as well.
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